高等教育國際化外交角色的轉變——從文化外交到知識外交

The Changing Role of Internationalization of Higher Education: From Cultural Diplomacy to Knowledge Diplomacy

高等教育國際化的外交角色長久以來一直隱而不顯，卻是最常見的外交形式之一。本研究採用文獻分析法回顧高等教育國際化從文化外交、科學外交到知識外交的發展，研究發現其外交角色有兩個轉變特點，首先在外交應用方面，從原本的借用轉為以高等教育為核心，其次是自二十世紀起開始受到政府的重視且正式納為外交政策的一環，傾向於以解決國際問題為主。整體而言，其轉變對國家在外交政策的制定、國家認同與國家安全三方面有實質的影響，而就外交政策與高等教育國際化的關係，本研究提出可以從為外交而為的高等教育國際化、外交自身的高等教育國際化，以及為高等教育國際化而為的外交三方面來思考。最後提出三個研究結論，分別為擅用高等教育國際化外交角色的國家同時也是國際教育經驗豐富的主導國家、高等教育國際化的外交角色形塑的國家意象與滲透性是長期且深遠的，以及高等教育國際化的政治影響力漸受各國關注，同時也是值得國家公共外交政策投資的最佳標的。因此，建議高等教育政策與機構在制定國際化發展策略時，除了考量短期利益外，可以嘗試結合外交角度，從國際關係、外交與教育政策的角度思索有利於國際、國家、高等教育機構和學生等相關利益者的永續利益。

The diplomatic role of internationalization in higher education has long been invisible to the naked eye, but it is both the best weapon for the country to utilize in diplomacy and also one of the most common forms of diplomacy. From this perspective, in order to outline the diplomatic role of internationalization in higher education development, this article reviewed political motivations in the international development context within higher education. More specifically, from the three types of higher education diplomacies of cultural diplomacy, science diplomacy and knowledge diplomacy, transformations and political influences on the country were revealed. Although the three types of diplomacies have different purposes, a government can flexibly utilize them according to the needs of actual international relations. In addition, diplomacy has become increasingly dependent on the internationalization of higher education, which has a significant impact on the country in terms of foreign policy, national identity, and national security. This study found that countries which could flexibly utilize the diplomatic role of higher education internationalization were more experienced in international higher education, and their international diplomatic role of higher education in shaping the national image and permeability were long-term and far-reaching. As many countries began to realize the international political influence from higher education, it became the best target for national public diplomacy to invest on. Therefore, aside from short-term benefits, it is recommended that higher education policies and institutions, when formulating international development strategies, attempt to combine diplomatic perspectives and consider the sustainable benefits of international, government, higher education institutions. Additionally, students’ related stakeholders’ interests from the perspective of international relations, foreign affairs, and education policies should also be considered as well.