大學入學實施階級優惠性差別待遇的正義與爭議：平等權違憲審查探析

The Justice and Disputation of Class-Based Affirmative Action in Universities: The Exploration from Constitutional Review of Equality Right

近年來教育部與各大學為了保障弱勢學生而在升學上提供了許多優惠措施，在此背景下，本研究探討若未來大學入學擴大實施階級優惠性差別待遇政策，給予弱勢學生更多升學優惠時，與憲法平等權產生的競合問題。本研究透過分析台灣與美國相關法條及案例歸納出三項主要重點：一、福利國與大學自治原則為實施階級優惠性差別待遇的主要法理基礎；二、階級優惠性差別待遇的平等權違憲審查應以中度或合理審查標準為主；三、美國種族優惠性差別待遇的平等權違憲審查以嚴格審查標準為主，並且法院也已發展出該政策實施的具體原則。另外，本研究建議未來各大學與教育行政機關在擴大實施此政策時，應以科學實證做為政策支持、透過分析實際數據擬定優惠標準，以及訂定優惠標準時應以多元公平為原則。

Taiwan Ministry of Education and universities provide many class-based preferential admits during recent years. This study explored the controversial between class-based preferential admits and constitutional right to equality if universities intend to expand this policy and provide more admission numbers for social-economic disadvantaged students due to this background. There are three key points through the analysis of related laws and cases from Taiwan and the United States: 1.Welfare state and university autonomy are the legal basis for class-based preferential admits, 2.The constitutional review of equality right for class-based preferential admits would be the rational relationship test or intermediate scrutiny test, 3. The constitutional review of equality right for racebased preferential admits in the United States is the strict scrutiny test, and courts have developed concrete implementation principles for this policy. This study also suggested that universities and education administration should make policies by scientific evidence, establish standards through data analysis, and follow the principles of diversity and equality when expanding this policy.