王國維、蔡元培與張君勱的教育思想比較：德國人文取向教育學的脈絡   免費試閱

A Comparative Study of Educational Thoughts from Guo-Wei Wang, Yuan-Pei Cai and Carsun Chang: With a Context of German Humanistic Educational Science

中文世界裡教育研究的先鋒學者王國維間接受到康德、席勒、叔本華、包爾生等人著作的影響，聲稱教育的目的即培養「完全之人物」；後來，蔡元培也從包爾生的著作及洪堡特的理念那裡得到新人文主義的滋養；乃至於張君勱，他曾有意識地考察十九世紀以來歐陸思潮的發展與更迭，認識到他所生處的時代精神是從對科學的高度推崇逐漸轉向懷疑、反對甚至否定，形成一個非理性主義的學術趨勢。本研究比較王國維、蔡元培及張君勱三人的教育思想並指出：首先，他們的教育思想無疑地同受德國新人文主義或非理性主義思潮的影響。其次，他們分別論述和維護教育領域的相對自主性。再次，三人都主張美育應落實於學校的課程安排和日常生活。復次，從王國維推重哲學與教育學課程的重要性，到蔡元培為教育劃出一個超軼政治的範疇，再到張君勱欲以意志教育的實踐來改變社會的理想，他們三人的哲學教育思想隱然形成一種批判取向的教育學術脈絡。最後，如果對比和串聯起中文世界既有的文化教育學與批判教育學的研究成果，似乎已能看到「德國新人文主義教育思潮─精神科學教育學─批判教育學」的更迭在中文世界裡的再現。

This theoretical study aims to examine and compare various educational influences within a German humanistic framework. Guo-Wei Wang, who was influenced by works of Kant, Schiller, Schopenhauer and Paulsen, claimed that the aim of education was to become an entire person. Later, Yuan-Pei Cai also adopted German Neo-Humanism specifically from the works of Paulsen and Humboldt. In addition, Carsun Chang (also known as Zhang, Jun-Mai) consciously reviewed the developments and changes of the European trend of thought since the 19th century. He identified that the dominating nature of his time was irrationalism, whereby the power of science was under suspicion. Though some of their thoughts about education contrasted one another, this study highlights similarities among the three educationalists: First, all three were undoubtedly influenced by German Neo- Humanism or the idea of irrationalism. Second, theyadvocated the relative autonomy of educational ideals and practice. Third, they emphasized the value of aesthetic education to varying degrees. Lastly, a critical orientation of educational research could be found by connecting their thoughts to their philosophies about education. The research results about German humanistic sciences in connection with the critical educational sciences demonstrates the changes German educational sciences had on the Chinese-speaking world.