美國基礎教育改革：從「別讓孩子落後」到「每個學生都成功」   免費試閱

Basic Education Reform in USA: From “No Child Left Behind” to “Every Student Succeeds”

1965年美國詹森總統簽署《初等及中等教育法》，旨在透過聯邦教育經費補助改善學校教育，以確保學生教育機會均等；2002年小布希總統簽署《別讓孩子落後法》，更是強化聯邦教育力量，要求州、地方及學校負起教育績效責任，提供卓越的教育，讓每個孩子都能有效學習，並縮短學生學習落差；到了2015年歐巴馬總統亦簽署《每個學生都成功法》，改進《別讓孩子落後法》的缺失，降低聯邦教育角色，回歸州和地方，增加家長教育選擇。本研究主要目的在於探討美國近年來的基礎教育改革背景、內涵和動向，首先分析美國基礎教育改革脈絡；其次評析《別讓孩子落後法》實施成效；接著詮釋《每個學生都成功法》重要內涵；最後提出美國基礎教育改革動向，將會建立在「平等、卓越、彈性、績效」的原則上，持續推動各項教育政策。

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965, signed by President Lyndon Johnson, was to emphasize equal access to education. The reauthorization of ESEA by President George W. Bush was known as the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2002, to enforce the federal role in holding schools accountable for student performance and improve academic achievement for all students. In December 2015, President Barack Obama signed the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) and replaced NCLB. The law improved K-12 education by reducing the federal role, restoring local control, and empowering parents. The purpose of this paper is to explore the background, implementation and future of basic education reform in USA. At first, we analyzed the background on basic education reform in USA. Then, we examined the implementation of NCLB. Next, we discussed the major provisions of ESSA. Finally, we concluded the future of basic education reform that follows the fundamental principles, including equality, excellence, flexibility and accountability.