MOOCs的发展脉络及其三种实践形式

The Development Track of MOOCs and Three Forms of Practice

在过去的两年MOOCs得到了国际社会的普遍关注与迅速发展，我国从2013年也开始关注和讨论MOOCs，但MOOCs在中国的实践还处于起步与探索阶段。目前在讨论与研究MOOCs时，不管是学术界还是商界都主要关注xMOOC(以内容传递为中心的MOOC)，对MOOC的本源cMOOC(以网络建构为中心的MOOC)关注不够。为了对MOOCs的发展与演变历程以及其共性和创新价值形成系统深入的认识，该研究首先深入追踪了第一个MOOC(cMOOC)产生的背景及其运行情况，以及MOOCs的发展历程，并对不同MOOCs的特点进行了分析和总结。然后提出如何采用发展的观点和从学习是如何发生的视角正确看待对MOOCs的批判。最后综合前面的论述对MOOCs从开放学习过程与大规模参与两个方面对它们的共性与创新价值进行了总结。该文旨在帮助我国的研究者和实践者对MOOCs形成系统、全面、深入和冷静的认识，从而充分发挥各种类型的MOOCs本身所具有的优势，推动网络教育时代教与学的方式变革。

MOOCs has being received widespread attention of international community in the past two years. Though it is also discussed and researched in China from 2013， the practice of MOOCs in our country is under explore. Both academic and business mainly focus on xMOOC (Content-based MOOC)， and the origin of MOOC - cMOOC (network based MOOC) has been forgotten， while they are discussion and do research around this topic. In order to get the systematic and deep understanding of how MOOCs is developed and changed， what the common characteristics and innovation value of all these MOOCs， this research tracks the background and its operation of the first MOOC (cMOOC) and the developing process of MOOCs first， and summarized the characteristics different MOOCs briefly. And then it is proposed that how to treat the criticism of MOOCs correctly from development point of view and how learning occurs in real learning environment. At the end， the common characteristics and innovation value of MOOCs are summarized as open learning process and massive engagement. The purpose of this study is to help the researchers and practitioners have a comprehensive， in-depth and sober understanding of MOOCs， so as to promote the revolution of teaching and learning in the era of online education by taking advantage of different MOOCs in their research and practice.