价值多元、对抗性原则与美国教育券政策僵局

Value Pluralism%2C Antagonistic Principle and Policy Gridlock of School Voucher Program in the United States

基于对美国联邦教育券政策三十年激烈争论较为全面的考察，可知公众对教育券政策的多元价值判断是政策僵局形成的必要条件，而对抗性原则下的联邦机构权力制衡的制度设计是教育券政策僵局的制度基础。不过，这种状况正好保证了联邦政府任何单一部门都不能简单左右政策发展方向，也避免了政府采取一种强硬的姿态来强制推行某种价值观。通过放权于州和达成一种政治妥协，似乎能够缓解这一政策僵局。它既能给予家庭更多选择学校的权利，又能保证政策的非激进性变迁，从而实现联邦政策一定程度的稳定性和延续性。

The fact that there has been intense debate on the school voucher program and the program as an instrumental policy failed to get passed in the U.S. Federal legislation， indicates that the pluralistic value judgment of the public is a necessary condition， and the antagonistic principle or the balance of power is the institutional basis for the policy gridlock of American school voucher policy over the past thirty years. However， this situation helps to guarantee that any single federal government department has no ability to influence the policy development， and to prevent the government from taking a tough stand on the promotion of certain values to the public. Decentralization and political compromise seem to be able to alleviate this policy gridlock. In this context， families enjoy greater freedom to choose school， while radical policy changes can hardly happen， which contributes to a certain degree of stability and continuity of federal policies.