美国不同类型高校学术职业的分层--基于卡内基分类法的考察

The Stratification of the Academic Profession in Different Types of Universities in America：Characteistics and Englightments

高校学术职业和其它社会职业一样，因为不断专业化的职业分工而形成不同的层级。美国高校学术职业在历史的变迁过程中初步形成了现在普遍采用的分层模式，即高校学术职业分为讲师、助理教授、副教授和教授四个层级的职业阶梯。不同层级的学术职位有相应的学术评价标准，包括学历、教学科研能力、工作经验、管理能力等几个部分。依据卡内基分类法(2005版)的分类标准，其中对我国高校学术职业分层和教师岗位设置管理制度最具借鉴意义的当属博士学位授予大学、硕士学位授予大学、学士学位授予大学和社区学院的学术职业分层。因此，本文分别从美国这几类高校各选出一所有代表性的学校，对它们在学校职业分层管理的制度安排及特色进行考察，试图发现不同类型美国高校学术职业的分层聘任、晋升考核及福利待遇等方面的共性和差异，以期对我国当前正在进行的高校教师岗位设置制度提供启示。

As the other professions， academia has witnessed the stratification in the continuous professionalization process. The academic profession in American universities has developed within the current stratification model， which can be classified as four levels：instructor， assistant professor， associate professor， and professor. Different academic professional level has their own standards in evaluation， including the educational background， ability in teaching and researching， working experiences， managing capability and so on. According to Carnegie Classification (2005 ed.)， there are some distinctions in academic profession， which can be used as reference for Chinese academic professional stratification， and the managing system of setting teaching positions. This paper picks one typical school from each of these types in America， analyzing their system arrangements and characteristics of the academic professional stratification. Through finding the similarities and differences of academic professional appointment， promotion， and benefits among different types of universities in America， the paper inspires the system of setting teaching positions in Chinese higher education.