清代武生学额、人数及其地域分布

Promotion Quota%2C Group Population and Geographical Distribution of Military Licentiates in the Qing Dynasty

代顺治朝武生学额，京卫武学有明确定数，各省取进多寡尚无定额。康熙十年始定全国 武生学额，比照文生取进。康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝，因新设学校、升格既有学校、政区等级升降及政区归 并，武生定额多有调整，每届岁试共取进武生约22000名，分属全国1800余所学校，此后该进额大致稳 定。直至咸、同军兴，大规模捐输广额，武生定额增至约27000人。咸、同广额前后，武生群体总数呈“南 激增、北缓增”之势；武生分省比例，则“南升北降”。通览清代武生学额、群体人数及其地域分布变动， 既可揭示其政情变化之大势，又能反映其武科人才培育与选拔之动态。

During Emperor SHUNZhi? s reign in early Qing Dynasty， the promotion quota of military licentiates for garrison military schools in the capital was clearly prescribed， whereas the quota for schools in other provinces remained unfixed. Starting from the year of 1671，the promotion quota of military licentiates for all provinces was first assigned by reference to the counterpart quota of literary licentiates. During the reigns of Emperor Shunzhi，Kangxi，Yongzheng and Qianlong， the quota was frequently adjusted due to the establishment of new schools， upgrading of old schools，and changes of administrative regions. For every round approximately 22，000 military licentiates were admitted and affiliated to around 1， 800 Confucian schools throughout the empire， and such a quota kept relatively stable， until the Taiping Rebellion during which the Qing government， rewarding public donations and supports for suppression， remarkably raised the intake to around 27 ，000. Before and after the Rebellion ? the group population of military licentiates showed “ remarkable increase in the South and modest increase in the North ”，whilst its provincial distribution saw “increasing in the South but decreasing in the North”. A thorough investigation on the changes of the promotion quota， group population and geographical distribution of the military licentiates can not only reveal the po* litical context， but also reflect the dynamic of fostering and recruiting military talents throughout the Qing Dynasty .