日本另類學校公辦民營之可能營運模式分析研究

The Study on the Possible Operational Mode of Alternative Schools as a Private Management of Public School in Japan

本研究探究日本另類學校發展成公辦民營學校的可能營運模式，以釐清何種教育環境與條件才能夠解決另類學校的營運困難。另類學校為了爭取合法地位，歷年來曾經轉型為非營利組織法人與學校法人；但非營利組織法人不具權利能力，符合設置學校法人的條件者更屬於少數。現有研究指出，日本教育環境強調公共原則，另類學校必須取得公單位的協助方能獲得經費補助，並且藉此維持營運穩定。本研究透過赴日進行訪談來蒐集資料，主要研究成果包括：一、公辦民營的教育環境乃自治程度高、教育經費支出偏高的都市，基於管理合約模式來挪用閒置校地校舍作為校園，少數藉由申請特區而使制度鬆綁，多數為地方政府的特例；二、公辦民營的設置與招標的條件不明確，多方質疑經費支出的必要性，藉由特區轉型成學校法人的作法也未能完全符合另類學校的需求；三、公辦民營學校兼顧公益與私益的平衡，卻存在創校經費龐大難以推廣、合約不固定、公費補助不穩定，以及失去辦學自主權等缺點；四、除非另類學校轉型成學校法人並且具備足夠的資金，否則公單位不會選擇合作。目前日本沒有新設的公辦民營學校，若要實際執行，更多內在或外在的環境影響因素仍待克服。

The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of developing alternative schools into a private management of public school in the future. In order to obtain legal status, alternative schools have changed their operating modes to NPO and educational corporation over the years. However, NPO do not have the capacity for rights, and those who meet the conditions for establishing an educational corporation are the minority. Because Japanese educational environment emphasizes public principles, and alternative schools must be public in nature. The study adopted in-deep-interview for data collection. The main findings include: 1. The educational environment is a city with a high degree of autonomy and high education expenditure. Based on the management contract, reuse unused school as campuses. 2. The conditions for setting up and bidding are not clear, many parties have questioned the necessity of expenditure, and the practice of transforming into a school organization has not fully met the needs of alternative schools. 3. Private management of public schools consider the balance between public and private interests. But there are shortcomings such as unstable contracts, unstable public subsidies, and loss of school autonomy. 4. Unless the alternative school is transformed into a school organization and has sufficient funds, the public unit will not choose to cooperate. By far, there are no practical examples in Japan since there are many obstacles in internal or external environmental factors that to be overcome.