美国考试中评价偏见的类型与鉴别方法

The Types of Assessment Bias and the Ways of Identification in American Examinations

评价偏见涉及考试的公平性，是由经济、教育、技术等各方面因素综合作用的结果。评价偏见的类型包括平均分差异、题目功能差异、错误解释成绩、性别或种族内容、内容和经历不同、选拔决策采用的统计模型、错误的标准测量工具等造成的评价偏见。评价偏见不仅影响考生个人发展机会，而且危害社会公平。鉴别评价偏见可用审判的方法和实证的方法。对美国评价偏见的研究有助于完善我国考试，促进考试公平。

Assessment bias affects fair examinations, and it can be caused by many factors such as economy, education and technology. It includes many types as follows: assessment bias in mean differences; assessment bias in differential item functioning; assessment bias in misinterpretation of scores; assessment bias in sexist and racist content; assessment bias in differential validity; assessment bias as content and experience differential; assessment bias in the statistical model used for selection decisions; assessment bias in the wrong criterion measure. It not only affects examinee's development opportunity bur also harms fair society. It can be identified by judgmental approaches and empirical approaches. The study of American assessment bias is helpful to improve fair examinations in China.