象牙塔里的压力－中国高校教师职业压力与学术产出的实证研究

Stress in the Ivory Tower: An Empirical Study of Stress and Academic Productivity among University Faculty in China

高校教师是教学运作和学术研究的第一线实践专业人员，如何强化其职业发展和学术产出成为影响高等教育质量的关键因素之一；但与此同时，新管理主义和学术资本主义在高校组织管理体制中的渗透、社会环境与科学技术的急速变迁，高校规模扩大以及由此带来的院校组织内部的一系列变化，导致高校教师处于高度压力之下。本研究利用2007北京市高校教师调查数据，尝试从组织环境与个体特质两个层面，揭示高校教师职业压力的内涵与影响因素，探讨过度压力对高校教师职业发展所形成的冲击效应。研究发现：（1）高校教师面临不同层次的教学、科研和经济压力。在教师职业生涯轨迹中，40岁以下为高压期，41~55岁为缓压期，56岁以后为低压期。（2）高校扩招、高校内部绩效评估机制的实施和教师的婚姻状态、薪酬水平、工作负荷、发展定位、职称等成为引发高校教师压力的重要因素。（3）压力的膨胀不仅不能有效促进教师的学术产出，相反会导致教师的职业倦怠。

As practitioners of teaching and research, faculty constitute a core competitiveness of higher education. However, faculty in China nowadays are overworked and suffered a high level of pressure and distress, as a result of the emphasis on new managerialism and academic capitalism, rapid transitions of social contexts and scientific technologies, as well as organizational changes after the expansion of Chinese higher education. Drawing on a survey of university faculty conducted in 2007, the paper examines the faculty stress by analyzing its components and affecting factors, and discusses shocking effects of overloaded stress on faculty's career development through defining levels of organizational environment and personal characteristics. The paper finds that faculty in different age groups are under varied pressure from teaching, researching and living: those under 40 years old suffer the highest level of stress, 41-55 years the middle level, and over 56 years the low level. Expansion of college scale, changes of performance evaluation mechanism, as well as status of marriage, salary, work load, career orientation and promotion are sources affecting faculty stress. The results also indicate that overloaded stress may result in occupational burnout, with little contribution to academic productivity.