盧梭對現代教育傳統的奠基

Rousseau’s Philosophical Contributions to Modern Education

在現代教育的思想史中，盧梭以《愛彌爾》為核心的經典教育文獻，是一個極其重要的里程碑。他通過對巴黎所謂“文人風習”的批評，對文藝復興以來企圖通過古典文化的復興來確立現代教育之基礎的傾向提出了質疑。他認為，人在現代處境中，去自然狀態的社會化才是教育的最大敵人。人的不幸和惡，源於他對自身能力的濫用，讓自身意志的任意性突破了理知能力的範圍，從而使自由意志走向了自身的反面，而成為對自身的奴役。因此，人的自然狀態的否定性，恰恰應該成為現代教育的起點。通過自然教育、物的教育以及受之於人的公民教育，現代人才能獲得真正的道德自由和政治自由。

In the history of thought of modern education， Rousseau’s Emile is a significant milestone. Through criticizing “literary mores” in Paris， Rousseau challenged the tendency of establishing the foundations of modern education by revitalizing classical culture since Renaissance. In his opinion， the worst enemy of education in the modern situation is to socialize in an unnatural state. The misfortune and evil of human originate from the reckless abuse of his capacities. The arbitrariness of breaking through the boundary of reason would push free will to its opposite， that is， to enslave human himself. Therefore， the negativity of natural state should be regarded as the starting point of modern education. through natural education， physical education， as well as civil education， the modern men would possibly get truly moral freedom and political liberty.