为学术还是为职业？—德国大学学习传统及其变迁

For Academic Study of For Vocational Preparation？— The Learning Tradition and Its Transformation in German Universities

19世纪初形成的德国现代大学以突出科学研究而著称，大学的学业因此具有明显的学术取向。这种学术型大学对学术的贡献有目共睹，但却忽视了大学教育的职业预备功能。而在大众高等教育时代，多数大学生的求学主要是为了未来的职业发展。德国大学重学术的教育传统与现代社会对大学教育期待之间的矛盾，是当代德国大学教育中长期存在的问题。

Modern German universities， formed in the 19th century， have always been embracing a prominent research—oriented tradition， which has established a research basis as the benchmark of the universities. This kind of universities has exerted a tremendous influence on the development of learning in higher education， overlooking the function of pre—career training of higher education. In an era of mass higher education， the majority of the college students strive for a successful career. Thus the contradiction between the research—oriented tradition of modern German universities and the expectations of society for higher education has always been the prevailing problem in German higher education.