南非高等教育语言政策的演变与现行多语制政策的实施困境

The Evolution of Language Policy of South African Higher Education and the Dilemma of Policy Implementation of Multilingualism

语言在南非的教育领域始终是一个有争议的问题。在高等教育层面，南非的语言政策经历了英殖民地时期的单语制、南非联盟时期的添加型双语制、种族隔离时期的减少型双语制，到民主新南非的多语制。目前，南非多语制的政策主张和高校的语言实践存在着很大的差异；英语的地位日益显赫，阿非利加语的地位不断下降，而非洲本土语言被边缘化。语言实践中的单语倾向日趋明显。本文在系统梳理南非高等教育语言政策发展历程的基础上，以历史、政治、经济、文化、教育和法令政策等多个角度分析了现行多语制政策的实施困境。

The language policy of South African higher education has evolved from the monolinguals during the English colonial period to the additive bilingualism in the Union of South Africa， and subsequently from the subtractive bilingualism in the apartheid era to the current multilingualism. There are great differences between the official commitment to multilingualism in higher education and the language practices among present higher education institutions. English becomes more prominent， Afrikaans generally degraded and indigenous languages marginalized; the monolingual trend is turning more obvious. This paper discusses the dilemma in the process of implementing multilingualism from historical， political， economical， cultural， and educational as well as legislative and implementing multilingualism from historical， political， economical， economical， cultural， and educational as well as legislative and policy perspectives.