从讲座制到系科制：欧洲大学内部管理权力的变更

From the Academic Chair System to the Department System:the University Internal Management in Europe

讲座制继承了中世纪大学教授治校的传统，19世纪德国大学使讲座制产生了强大的生命力。19世纪至20世纪上半叶，欧洲许多国家的大学采用了讲座制。由于讲座制使教授的权力过于集中和僵化，不适应大学规模的扩大，20世纪60年代后日渐衰落，逐渐向系科制转变。随之，欧洲大学以教授为重心的管理转向以校、系为重心的相对高效的管理，完成了大学内部管理权力的变更。

The academic chair system originated in the Middle Ages. From the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century， the academic chair system was adopted by many countries especially in Germany universities. Due to the power centralization and the inflexibility of the academic chair system， it decayed after the 1960's with the expansion of the universities. The academic chair system transferred to the department system. Therefore， the key of the university managements has shifted from the professors to the schools and departments， which has completed the transformation of the university internal management.