错误记忆的产生是否依赖对词表的有意加工：无意识激活的证据

Are Intentional Processes of Study List Necessary for the Creation of False Memory: Evidence for Unconscious Activation

使用DRM范式考察了错误记忆产生过程中无意识激活的存在与否。通过操纵实验任务和呈现方式，导致被试对学习词表的无意加工和不同水平的有意加工。结果发现，无意加工时所产生的对关键诱饵的无意识激活足以导致错误记忆效应，说明对词表的有意加工并非错误记忆产生所必需。随着对词表有意加工水平的提高，多次无意识激活的累积可导致增强的错误记忆效应，且表现出与真实记忆的共变，而阻断连续激活累积的因素可有效降低错误记忆。

Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm was adopted in the present 2 (manner of stimuli presentation: mixed vs. blocked) ×3 (levels of conscious processing) ×3 (types of items) factorial experiment to investigate whether unconscious activation was involved in the generation of false memory.The first and the second factors were between-subject while the third factor was within-subject. In the study phase， list of words was presented to three independent groups of normal participants. One group was instructed to identify the color of the list words as quickly and as correctly as possible， the second group was instructed to read the presented words aloud， and the last group was instructed to remember as many words as possible for a later memory test. The three types of task led to three different levels of conscious processing of the word list， i.e. unconscious， low conscious and high conscious processing. For half of the three groups of participants， the word list was presented in mixed way. While for the other half of the three groups of participants， the word list was presented in blocked way. In the recognition phase， all the three groups of participants were tested.The results showed that there was significant interaction between item types and conscious processing levels， i.e. the false alarm rates of critical lures were higher in the condition of high conscious processing than in the other two processing conditions， while the hit rates of learned items were stable in all conditions. False memory effects appeared even in the unconscious processing condition. The results also showed a significant main effect of stimuli presentation manner on critical lures.These results suggest that conscious processing is not necessary for the generation of false memory. Unconscious activation does exit and is enough for the generation of false memory. Furthermore， the accumulation of unconscious activation could lead to stronger false memory effect. The interruption of successive activation， however， could reduce false memory. The results are discussed under source-monitoring framework.