对我国高等教育入学机会分配的历史回顾 ─ 基于对1949年以来普通高校招生政策文本的分析

Review the Allocation of Higher Education Access Opportunity in China：Based on the Analysis of Higher Education Admission Policies since 1949

高等教育入学机会在中国历来是一种相当稀缺的资源。高等教育入学机会的分配与国家的高校招生政策密切相关。自1949年以来，我国高校招生政策历经变迁，大致经历了三个阶段：新中国成立初期；教育”革命”时期（包括文革时期）；改革开放后。在不同时期，机会的供给主体、机会的分配标准、机会的分配方式，以及机会向谁开放、为谁所享有等方面存有很大差异，形成了对教育机会分配的不同模式。

Higher education access opportunity is a kind of limited resource in China， and its allocation reflects the higher education admission policies. The development of Chinese admission policies can be divided into three stages since 1949， i.e.， the first stage in the initial period of the founding of the P.R. China， the second stage is the Education Revolution time（including the Cultural Revolution）， and the third stage in the Reform and Open─up period since 1978. There are remarkable differences in the providers， allocation criteria， allocation means of opportunities and beneficial owners in different stages. These differences have resulted in different models in allocating access opportunity.