社会资本视角下中世纪大学之源起

A Social Capital Perspective on the Origin of the Universities in the Middle Ages

作为现代大学组织生发的原点，中世纪大学在高等教育研究中占有重要位置。与从政治、经济、文化等层面分析不同，从社会资本的视角剖析中世纪大学产生，可以看出，大学源自学者行会业缘关系的聚合；同乡会是学者地缘关系的结合；教授会是学者学缘关系的整合；学院则是由慈善捐建的寄宿场所发展而来。所有中世纪大学都与巴黎和波隆那这两所＂母大学＂存有千丝万缕的关联；大学在与宗教和世俗权力的博弈中，获得了丰厚资本。中世纪大学的产生，不是依靠正式制度运作，而是在非正式制度影响下形成的，其中宗教信仰、组织精神、习俗惯例等发挥了重要作用。

As a germinal origin of modern university， the medieval university plays an important role in higher education research. Different from the analysis at the political， economic， and cultural aspects， the paper probes into the medieval universities in the perspective of social capital. The author finds that university is originated by the network polymerization of scholars; the association of townsmen is a combination of geopolitical relations; the association of professors is an integration of knowledge relationship of scholars; the college is derived from boarding place funded by charities. All the medieval universities have immediate relations with the “mother” universities， namely， the University of Paris and the University of Bologna， and they gained much capital from the game with religious and secular power. The emergence of medieval university did not rely on the formal system but on the informal ones such as religious beliefs， organizational spirit and customs.