从有限渗入到广泛传播--清末民初中小学教科书的民主政治启蒙意义

From Limitedly Infiltrating to Broadly Spreading：The Enlightenment Significance of the Textbooks to Democratic Politics during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Beginning of the Republic of China

教科书不但是知识传播的工具，还是思想启蒙的利器。伴随着新式教育发展，从教会学校、洋务学堂教科书中最早出现民主政治零星思想开始，清末民初教科书通过对现代政法制度的宣扬、对公民自治活动的引导和对社会公益事业的提倡等维度呈现了民主政治的核心价值理念，构建了较为完整的民主政治话语体系，展现了理想化的民主政治图景，并具有那个年代特有的民主政治启蒙特点。正是通过小小教科书的大大启蒙，青年学生成为近代民主化力源并把握方向的新兴社会群体，而且教科书以其巨大的社会辐射力，使民主政治由少数知识精英群体关注而成为浸润到社会各阶层民众的普遍思想，冲击和改变着人们的既有观念，塑造着国民新的世界观与价值取向，为辛亥革命的成功和五四运动将民主作为基本价值加以崇尚做出了基础性铺垫。

Textbooks are not only the media that spread knowledge， but also the edge tool enlightenment. Accompanying the new-style education， beginning with the scattered thought of democratic politics that first appeared in the textbooks of Church School and Foreign-style School， the textbooks during the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China presented the core value of domestic politics， constructed a relatively complete utterance system of domestic politics， displayed the ideal perspective of democratic politics and possessed special characteristic of enlightenment of democratic politics at that age by propagating modern system of politics and law， guiding the citizens’ self-government， and encouraging social service. Because of the great enlightenment of textbooks， the youth became new social groups grasping the force sources of democratization and holding the new direction. What’s more， by its gigantic social effect， textbooks made democratic politics shift from something only attracting the attention of elites to the common thoughts that infiltrated to everyone in the society， which changed citizens’ extant concepts and renewed their outlook and value. Textbooks paved the way for the success of Chinese Revolution in 1911 and the avocation of democracy as the basic value by May 4th Movement.