高等教育擴張對年輕大專畢業生工作選擇影響之研究   免費試閱

Effects of Higher Education Expansions on the Occupational Choices of Young College Workers

台灣自1987年逐步開放新大學之設立後，高等教育乃迅速擴張，相較於勞力需求面之調整速度，社會輿論瀰漫著一股「愈來愈多大學學歷者從事非大學性質工作」的說法。因此，本研究的目的旨在探討於如此短期間內培養出這麼多的大學生投入勞動市場，將會如何影響年輕工作族群的大學溢酬與工作選擇，同時，也藉此檢驗「愈來愈多大學學歷者從事非大學性質工作」這項宣稱的可能性。本研究利用台灣1992 ～ 2006年之「家庭收支調查報告」資料， 參考Gottschalk 與Hansen 及Hecker兩文建議之「大學性質工作」與「非大學性質工作」的分類方法，定義適用於台灣勞動市場之工作分類法。研究結果顯示，年輕大學學歷者之大學溢酬在1992～2003年期間互有消長，但整體而言，維持在某一水準，但從2004年後，呈現遞減之趨勢。若以群組分類工作之大學溢酬來看，在1993～2005年間，各個職業工作項目之大學溢酬大致呈現先遞減、再遞升之趨勢。探究其原因，主要為高等教育快速擴張，導致大學學歷者之勞動供給迅速增加，雖然政府大力推動產業升級轉型，但產業結構的調整往往歷時數年，勞動需求面一時無法配合調整到位所造成的結果。最後，利用Probit模型估計持有大學文憑工作者從事非大學性質工作之機率。研究結果顯示，在1993～2005年間，擁有大學學歷但從事非大學性質工作者有增加、甚至加速上升的情形。

In Taiwan， the higher education system has been expanding rapidly since the late 1980s. Comparing to the demand side adjustment of the labor market， the claim that “more and more college graduates go into noncollege jobs” has been widely discussed. This study addresses the question: “Did the proportion of young college workers (18-33 years of age with ten- or less-than-ten-year labor market experience) in noncollege jobs increase during 1993-2005?” We used data from 1992-2006 “Surveys of Household Income and Expenditure”; we employed the quantitative classification method derived from the supply-demand model in Gottschalk and Hansen (2003) and the subjective classification method in Hecker (1992) to define what “college” and “noncollege” jobs are. Our results indicate that young college workers' college premium (i.e， the difference in log earnings between a college graduate and a noncollege graduate) is between 0.32 and 0.39 during 1993-2005， and it has been decreasing over time since then. Furthermore， the trend of the college premium in terms of occupation is decreasing and then increasing over time. A likely reason is that the expansion of Taiwan’s higher education system causes oversupply of college graduates while the labor market is incapable of absorbing this supply， and as a result of this， college graduates take up noncollege jobs. Finally， by using Probit model we find that， in Taiwan， the probability of young workers who have university degrees but are employed in noncollege jobs raises with an increasing rate over time.