教育、智慧與創造性：J. Maritain的教育哲學觀點   免費試閱

Education, Wisdom and Creativity: A Perspective from J. Maritain’s Philosophy of Education

本研究由J. Maritain的教育哲學觀點出發，探討並釐清智性、智慧、藝術及創造性（創造能力）之間的關係。本研究之主要研究進路在於會通Maritain的教育哲學與藝術哲學，並從中探究一種整全之人的教育願景，藉此發掘人之創造性和藝術活動對於人生命整全發展以朝向智慧的關聯和意義。在研究過程中，研究者關注了Maritain所提出的「精神前意識」概念，它表明了創作主體在其前意識中已進行了一種能力和人格的統合運動（這一統合運動在藝術活動中的表現尤為明顯），據此，它為人的創造性活動之於人生命最高智慧的意義，提供了一種可能性連結和理論的基礎。根據Maritain的觀點，人之整全生命的最高成就表現為智慧。人的創造性活動並非與其智慧毫無關聯，相反地，它可能是人通向其最高生命成就之實踐的最佳道路。此外，研究者亦將從創造性精神幫助受教者朝向最高智慧的生命實踐的角度，思考教育中所面臨的挑戰與難題，以此作為對於教育實踐之反思。

Based on J. Maritain’s philosophy of education, this paper attempts to elucidate the relationship between intelligence, wisdom, and creativity. By associating Maritain’s philosophy of education with his philosophy of art, this paper probes into the inseparable connectedness between creativity and the integral development of man towards wisdom in life. The author focuses on the Maritain’s concept of “spiritual preconsciousness,” which presumes man’s abilities and personality have undergone a certain harmonious integration. This can be observed in man’s artistic creation and performance. Maritain’s narratives provide a theoretical basis which demonstrates the meaning of human creativity with regard to his intelligence and wisdom. For Maritain, the highest achievement of man’s life is manifested with wisdom. The creative activity, therefore, is in no way unrelated to human wisdom. On the contrary, it may be the best way for people to form themselves towards their highest achievement in life. At the end of this paper, the author discusses the possibilities and difficulties concerning a real life educational practice towards the ultimate wisdom, which could be actuated through developing spiritual creativity within the student.