古代社学沿革与性质考

The Research on Historical Changes and Nature of Shexue in Chinese Feudal Society

社学是中国古代较为特殊的初等教育机构,以原始资料尤其是浩如烟海的地方志中丰富的教育资料为依据,对社学之起源与性质进行考述:社学萌芽于唐末,宋代社学开始发展,唐宋两代社学均属私立性质。至元代,社学得到官方认可与推广,社学开始具备“准官学”性,明清社学则成为既区别于地方官学,又不同于书院、私塾等由地方政府在社会最基层所设立的初等教育机构,有着较强的官立性及地域性。社学作为一种官立性较强的初等教育机构,为传统蒙学做出了很大的贡献,同时又与官学系统接轨,为近代学制体系的形成奠定了基础。

Shexue was a kind of special, community-run institute of primary education in Chinese feudal society. The study traced back to the origin and nature of Shexue on the basis of large amount of educational data in local chronicles and ascertained that Shexue emerged at the end of Tang dynasty and developed in Sung dynasty, and the Shexue in the two dynasties were private Shexue. It was until Yuan dynasty that SheXue was approved and promoted by government and started to gain the potential to be run by the government. Shexue became a kind of educational institute at the most basic level of society run by the local governments in Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty, but they were quite different from local Guanxue (public schools), Shuyuan (academies) and Sishu (private schools). They were supervised and led by the local governments. As a kind of primary educational institutes supervised and lead by the government, Shexue made great contributions to traditional basic education; meanwhile, Shexue was in line with public system and thus built the foundation for the formation of modern education system.