教师效能增值模型的研究与应用

The Research and Application of Value-added models for Teachers

作为教育评价发展的一个重要领域，增值评价已经在多个国家广泛使用。通过对国内外增值评价项目及增值模型发展的研究发现，共有八类增值模型。根据模型适用的数据结构，分为单学科单群组连续两次测试成绩的模型和多学科多群组两次以上测试成绩的模型。研究结果表明，模型在教师持续效能的假设、适用的数据类型、控制变量的加入、缺失数据分析、学生天资的考虑及分析软件的使用方面有差异，这些差异影响了模型的推广和应用。另外，测试分数的质量、分数等值、控制变量的选择与信效度、数据库的建设都是确保模型准确估计的重要条件。

Value-added assessment, as one of the important fields of the education assessment, has been widely applied in several countries. The study examined the previous projects about value-added assessment and previous research about value-added model development and found eight types of value-added models. According to the data structure which was applicable to value-added models, there are two-consecutive-test-score model with single subject and single group and more-than-twice-test-score model with multi-discipline and multi-group. Research results showed that there were differences between models in the assumption of teacher efficacy, applicable data types, inclusion of covariates, missing test scores analysis, consideration of students' innate ability and the analysis software's usage. These differences have negative influence on the popularization and application of the models. In addition, the quality of the test scores and scaling, the selection, reliability and validity of covariates, and the construction of databases can all be considered as the important conditions to ensure accurate model estimates.