兴起与废止: 科举考试的制度特征及 其批判性反思

Critical Ｒeflection on the Imperial Examination and its Characteristics

科举是中国封建王朝通过设科考试选拔官吏的制度，其千年存续源自该制度对封建统治困境的巧妙化解。科举制度的废止是历史的必然。科举考试对中国造成了持久而深远的影响，千年科举积淀下来的考试文化根深蒂固。对科举制度尤其是官本位的考试思想、考试技术手段、传统文化中的人情伦理观念、不分门第的“公平”理念的批判性反思，可为现实考试制度的改革提供历史借鉴，进而探寻制度密钥，通过考试制度及其他制度的优化组合促进中国教育和社会的长足进步。

The imperial examination is a system of selecting officials through exams in China＇s feudal dynasties． Historically，the abolition of the imperial examination is inevitable in the process of modern social transformation． The Chinese imperial examination has a lasting and far-reaching impact on Chinese exam-oriented culture，accumulated over one thousand years． This article offers a critical reflection on the imperial examination system，especially the Confucian culture in human ethics，the impartiality in the imperial examination， its bureaucratic nature and testing techniques． This reflection can provide a historical reference for the existing examination system reform． Moreover，it’s useful to seek some solution to the existing system，so as to promote China’s educational and social development through the optimized combination of the exam system and other systems．