扩张与转型: 内战后美国高等教育发展的路径选择

Expansion and Transformation: Post-Civil War Development Path of American Higher Education

19 世纪中后期是美国现代高等教育制度确立的重要历史时期，“扩张”和“转型”是这个时期美国 高等教育发展的主要特征。一方面，以州立学院和大学等为代表的新型高等教育机构的出现丰富了高等院校 的类型和结构，适应了不同人群接受高等教育的需要和社会对不同层次和类型人才的需求。另一方面，美国的 高等院校开始了从传统的“殖民地学院”向现代的“研究型大学”转型的“学术革命”，促进了大学学术组织和 学术管理的现代化，标志着美国现代高等教育制度的形成，奠定了美国高等院校迈向世界一流研究型大学的坚 实基础。

The mid-to late-19th century saw the establishment of the modern higher education system in the United States，characterized by expansion and transformation． For one thing，new higher education institutes such as state colleges and universities enriched the type and structure of American higher education and satisfied various demands of people and society for higher education． Meanwhile，American higher education went through the academic revolution，transformation from old colonial colleges into research universities． This promoted the modernization of academic organization and administration of colleges and universities，marked the establishment of the modern American higher education system，and thus prepared American higher education institutes to become world-class research universities．