问题式学习慕课开发的原理与设计——以荷兰马斯特里赫特大学慕课为例

The Principles and Design of Problem-based Learning MOOC ——A Case Analysis of MOOC from Maastricht University

近年来，慕课在全球范围内得到发展，逐步走向成熟，但慕课在教学设计水平方面还存在明显不足，只有极少数慕课符合教学的基本原理。该研究通过对“问题式学习”教学(课程)设计模式进行理论梳理，并结合对荷兰马斯特里赫特大学的“问题式学习：原理与设计”慕课的设计与实施进行分析，试图为开发基于教学基本原理的慕课提供一种路径参考。“问题式学习：原理与设计”慕课以“问题式学习”作为慕课开发的基本原理与学习主题，通过专家指导、小组合作、在线交流、微视频讲座、同伴评议等多种方式，为学习者提供了符合教学基本原理的慕课，为提升慕课学习的有效性提供了基础性保障。该研究还对“问题式学习”课程开发面临的挑战进行了分析，并提出了应对挑战的策略方法。总之，“问题式学习”教学(课程)设计模式对慕课开发与设计具有一定的借鉴意义，慕课从注重技术运用发展到基于教学设计理论的课程开发，是慕课进一步走向成熟的重要途径。

In recent years， MOOC has been developed worldwide and continues to mature step by step. However， obvious defects in terms of instructional design can still be found in MOOCs. Very few MOOC lessons conform to the basic principles of instruction. To provide a reference for the development of MOOC which is based on instructional principles， the study clarified the theories of instructional design model and analyzed the design and the implementation of the problem-based learning MOOC by Maastricht University which regarded problem-based learning as the basic principle and studied topic of MOOC. Through diverse approaches such as expert guidance， group cooperation， online communication， micro video lectures and peer review， this MOOC has offered learners a MOOC which conforms to instructional principles and helps to guarantee the improvement of its effectiveness. The study also analyzed the challenges faced with the development of problem-based learning courses and proposed the ways to cope with the challenges. In sum， the problem-based learning pointed a new way of MOOC design and development， which has significant impact on both problem-based learning research as well as MOOC design and development. The switch of the focus from technology application to curriculum development based on instructional design theories is an important approach for MOOC to move forward.