把故事再說一次：翻譯與改編

Telling the Story Again: Translation and Adaptation

跨媒材翻譯的發展促成翻譯論述與視覺文化的連結，而此現象凸顯出電影改編與翻譯研究的相關性。然而翻譯研究與改編研究兩者間的關係，並非侷限於跨媒材的角度，事實上學界早已有將兩者聯繫起來的論述。以較不嚴格的角度定義，將翻譯與改編關聯起來的探討可溯及五十年前，但真正值得注意、有實質貢獻的探討，則從九○年代至今。目前既有的相關研究，有的是從翻譯研究的角度，比較翻譯與改編的同與異，有的是從電影改編研究的角度出發，從當代翻譯理論的發展中尋求改編理論的突破。無論從哪個角度，既有研究在研究方法上，多以翻譯與改編的平行關係進行論述，以建立起兩者間的共同框架。然而，將翻譯與改編論述為一種平行關係的同時，卻也預設兩個平行的研究領域並沒有發生真正的交纏 (complicate)。本文提議，若要探究翻譯論述與改編研究的關係，不應以類比的方式進行，亦即，聲稱翻譯如改編，或改編如翻譯，也許我們可以從翻譯與改編兩者並存、交纏的方向，重新思索兩者的關聯性。本文從兩者共同面對的「忠實性」問題出發，進而提出可譯性的概念可為忠實性問題提出一個思索方向，並依此探尋出翻譯論述與改編研究可從另一方受益的可能。本文提議從兩個方向觀察兩者交纏的可能，其一是強調改編一詞的原意即指涉改編自身以適應環境的行動，這點或可為翻譯論述帶來新的觀點。其二是關注電影改編與視覺觀看不可分離，翻譯則與語言閱讀密不可分的現象，因而觀看與閱讀兩者的張力應謹慎視之。

Although the more recent development of intermedial translation foregrounds the connection between translation discourses and visual culture and thus the issue of adaptation, the relationship between translation and adaptation has been discussed in the scholarship for at least the last fifty years. Current studies in this field range from the comparison of translation and cinematic adaptation to theoretical elaborations of the concept of adaptation and the problem of establishing a common ground. This paper argues that translation should not be seen as being analogous to adaptation (and vice versa), but rather that we need to see the connection between the two in terms of coexistence and complication. Foregrounding the problem of fidelity, the paper suggests that “translatability” is closely tied to the issue of how translation and adaptation can benefit (from) each other. Here we should note that “adaptation” refers to the praxis of making changes in a text or work (e.g. a play or film) so that it may better fit a different “environment.” Moreover, just as no film adaptation can be divorced from visibility, no translation can be divorced from written language (i.e. from a linguistic text). Therefore one must focus on the tension between seeing and reading when considering the relationship between translation and adaptation.