城乡学生高等教育机会不平等的演变轨迹与路径分析

Development Track and Route Analysis of Higher Education Opportunity Inequality between Rural and Urban Students

本文基于对中国人民大学ＣＧＳＳ“２００８年全国综合社会调查”数据的分析，描述１９８０年－２００８年间城乡学生高等教育机会的演变轨迹，并对其进行解析。研究发现城乡学生高等教育机会的不平等长期存在，结构性差距凸显，优质高等教育机会更多被城市学生占据，这一现象在１９９９年扩招之后更加明显。在学生获得高等教育机会的过程中，小学升初中、初中升高中和高中进入大学这三次教育分流均产生重要影响，义务教育的影响程度比高中教育更为强烈，初中升高中最为关键。学生的年龄和教育阶段越低，家庭经济背景和学校教育背景特征越明显。在家庭背景无法改变的情况下，基础教育对农村学生具有特殊的重要意义。

Using CGSS (Chinese General Social Survey) 2008 data，this article examines the devel一 opment track of higher education opportunity from 1980 to 2008 and analyzes its correlation factors，in particular elementary education. Some problems have been revealed as follows. The rural一urban gap of higher education opportunity has existed since the college entrance examination was resumed，and the gap has widened since the policy of increasing higher education enrollment was adopted in 1999. A1一 though opportunities have increased greatly，the inequality is becoming more and more serious year byyear. Elementary education is important for acquiring higher education opportunity and compulsory ed一 ucation is more important than senior secondary education. Meanwhile，the high school entrance exami一 nation is crucial because the rural一urban gap is not big for high school students entering college. Elementary education is very important for students， especially rural students， because the influence of family and education background decreases as students grow up.