美国公立研究型大学私营化:原因、路径及影响———以弗吉尼亚大学为例

Privatization of American Public Ｒesearch Universities: Ｒeasons， Approaches，and Influences: Based on case study of the University of Virginia

公共财政压力和执政者政治理念的转变导致美国公立大学在运营上“私营化”倾向愈加明显。这种“私营化”运作主要通过提高学费在财政预算中的比重、推行激励预算管理机制、通过新“契约法案”强化大学办学自治权、扩大校园辅助性单位的收入、缩减教职员工工资在预算支出中的比例等开源节流的举措来实施。“私营化”在相当程度上使公立大学摆脱了公共经费和投入不足的困境，并提升了效率，同时也对公立大学与政府的关系和高等教育机会公平带来了多方面的影响。分析表明，如何在理想与现实之间，在“私营化”与公共服务之间取得平衡，需要大学领导层做出思考和努力。

Ｒetrenchment of public funding and transformation of policymakers’political ideology have led to an even more obvious trend of privatization of American public universities． The privatization is achieved mainly by increasing the proportion of tuition fees in the budget，implementing incentive-based budgeting systems， strengthening the autonomy of public universities through new“contracts”，expanding revenues from auxiliary services on campus，and reducing the percentage of faculty and staff salaries in the budget． Privatization helps public universities out of the plight of insufficient investment to a great extent，improves the operation efficiency， and at the same time exerts multiple influences on the relationship between public universities and the government and on higher education equality． The analysis indicates that university leaders need to strive to keep a balance between the ideal and reality，and between privatization and public services．