试论中小学校与未成年学生法律关系

The Legal Relations between Primary and Secondary Schools and Minor Students

学校与其未成年学生所构成的是一种在教育与被教育、管理与被管理的过程中产生的权利与义务关 系，可称为教育法律关系。学校在履行自己的法定职责时如果由于过错伤害了学生的身体，所构成的法律关系应 当界定为侵权法律关系，适用侵权行为法进行调整。公立中小学校是具备法人地位的社会组织，但由于其并无独 立承担侵权民事责任的能力，从而产生权利能力和责任能力之间的扭曲。解决这一问题的途径是把学校的办学风 险纳人保险责任范围，弥补学校承担民事责任能力的不足。现行教育制度要求年满6岁、进人小学的未成年人应 当具备一定的行为能力（包括民事行为能力），以适应学校的学习与生活，然而现行法律却以10岁为界来区分未成 年学生的民事行为能力，这一矛盾给学校办学提出了新问题。为了协调和统一法律制度与教育制度，有必要重新 划定无民事行为能力人与限制民事行为人的年龄界限。

A school and its minor students constitute a relationship of rights and obligations in the process of educating and being educated and managing and being managed. Such relationship can be called education legal relationship. If it’s the school’s fault of hurting a student’s body in fulfilling its legal function ， the legal relationship formed during the process should be defined as the tort legal relationship， which could be adjusted by tort law. Although public schools are social organizations with legal status， they lack of ability to independently bear infringement of civil liability， which results in distortion between the ability of rights and that of responsibilities. The solution is to incorporate the schools' educational risk into insurance coverage to make up for the schools' lack of civil liability capability. Current education system requires primary school minors of and above 6 years of age have a certain capacity (including civil capacity) to accommodate school life. However， the existing law uses the age of 10 as the boundary to distinguish if minor students have the civil capacity. Such contradiction has raised new problems for schools. In order to coordinate and harmonize the legal system and education system， it is necessary to redraw the age boundary for defining children with no capacity for civil conduct and with limited civil capacity for civil conduct.