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篇名 |
日本的影子教育:聚焦髙中阶段的课外补习支出
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並列篇名 | Shadow Education in Japan: Juku and Yobiko at the High School Level |
作者 | 中澤涉 |
英文摘要 | Private tutoring is common among Japanese students. After formal schooling, many Japanese students attend private cramming schools called juku, or private educational institutions focusing on students9 preparation for college entrance examinations called yobiko. Stevenson and Baker used the metaphor of shadow education to describe this group of educational activities outside formal schooling in Japan. These private schools have historically been regarded as symbols of extremely severe examination conditions and requirements. However,entrance examination conditions have changed over the last twenty years due to decreasing student numbers. This paper examines private expenditure on these non-formal educational activities at the senior high school level. 888 pairs of high school students and their mothers were randomly sampled nationwide. Since not all students attended private institutions, and the dependent variable is left-censored, tobit regression models were estimated. Results indicated that household income and the number of siblings significantly a£fect tutoring expenditure, independent of high school characteristics. Although the competitiveness of entrance examinations may be diminishing due to decreasing student numbers, access to private tuition remains unequal. |
起訖頁 | 017-028 |
關鍵詞 | 日本的影子教育、私塾、预科学校 |
刊名 | 北京大學教育評論 |
期數 | 201505 (13:3期) |
出版單位 | 北京大學 |
該期刊 上一篇
| 课外补习研究:问题与方法 |
該期刊 下一篇
| 影子教育是否扩大教育结果的不均等 ——基于PISA 2012上海数据的经验研究 |