美国聋人文化与聋人教育的发展

Deaf culture and development of deaf education in USA

随着特殊教育的演进，美国对聋人的认知与聋人教育出现了文化取向的趋势。听力损失不再被当成一种残疾，而被看成是一种独特的文化现象。作为文化存在的聋人也被当事者本人及其所属团队欣然接受。同时，手语作为聋人文化语言的载体，逐渐取得了语言属性和语言地位，逐渐取代超越本国语言，而被认为是聋人的第一语言。在此基础上，在聋人教育方法上，也超越手语教学和口语教学的对立，发展出综合沟通教学法，并逐渐加以扬弃，走向双语/双文化教育教学潮流。

With the development of special education，there is a culture orientation about deaf and deaf education in USA. According to this viewpoint，hearing loss is not a disability，but a unique cultural phenomenon，deaf as a cultural existence is readily accepted by themselves and deaf community. And sign language as the carrier of deaf culture has gradually gained property of language and language status，even it is believed to be the first language of the deaf beyond their native language. Based on this trend，bilingual/bicultural program is gradually applied in deaf education instead of the arguments and opposite between sign language methods and oral methods， even taking place of total communication methods.