社会转型与西方中学学生指导制度的建立

Society Transformation and the Origination of School Guidance in the Western Countries

西方中学学生指导制度最早源于美国的职业指导。职业的高度分化、移民与失业人数的不断增加是促使其产生直接的社会原因，而教育理论和心理学的发展则为其产生奠定了理论基础。弗兰克•帕森斯于1909 年出版的专著《选择一个职业》是学生指导制度建立的标志。在美国兴起的学生指导运动很快在英国、法国、加大拿、日本等国家建立和发展起来，20世纪20年代以后，在全世界范围内掀起了学生指导运动的热潮。经过100多年的发展，学生指导已成为和教学、管理并重的现代学校三大职能之一。

The school guidance originated from vocational guidance of USA in the western countries. Professional differentiation, the constant increase of immigrants and unemployed persons were the main social reasons. Meanwhile, education theory and psychology development also laid its foundation. Frank Parsons' book Choosing a Vocation is viewed as the mark of its origination. Subsequently, the system has been established in UK, France, Canada and Japan. Many countries have had a boom to develop the school guidance since the 1920s. Over 100 years of its development, guidance has become one of the three functions of modern school along with teaching and Management.