从现代化发展的视角来思考双语教育

Considering Bilingual Education of Ethnic Minorities in a Moderni-zation Perspective

在一个多民族国家的现代化进程中，拥有自己语言文字的各少数民族如何参与到国家的经济和社会发展事业中并使本民族在各领域得到充分发展，对于实现民族平等和巩固国家统一都非常重要。本文首先从社会学“民族分层”的角度，以新疆维吾尔自治区人口普查数据为案例讨论了中国的“民族分层”现状，提出只有当各少数民族的职业结构与汉族的职业结构大致相似时，各少数民族才能在相同程度上参与中国社会、经济、文化发展事业，并具有相似的社会影响力和话语权。从计划经济体制过渡到市场经济体制后，少数民族劳动者和大学毕业生的就业在很大程度上取决于劳动力市场对就业者的语言和业务能力的要求，而汉语能力和使用汉语掌握专业知识的能力已经成为他们就业和发展的“瓶颈”。本文以自治地区3所大学图书馆的藏书为例，说明汉语文出版物提供的知识信息是少数民族不应忽视的重要知识来源，也是各少数民族进入现代化发展进程的重要渠道，应该从少数民族实现现代化的角度来看待今天各少数民族自治区推行的“双语教育”工作，最后还讨论了当前在我国推动“双语教育”过程中应当注意的几个问题。

Whether ethnic minorities in a multi-ethnic country can fully participate in the national modernization process is a key issue in ethnic equality and national solidarity. From a sociological perspective of ethnic stratification and citing census data of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region as an example， this paper discusses the current situation of ethnic minorities in occupational structure o labor force in China. The paper points out that only under the condition that ethnic minorities have a similar occupational structure as the majority Han， the minorities will be able to participate in social， economic， and cultural development of China an enjoy the corresponding social influences in national decision-making. After China has bee transformed from central planning economy into a market-oriented economy， the employment of minority laborers and university graduates has become largely depended on their capacity of Mandarin and learning knowledge in Mandarin.This paper emphasizes the importance of Mandarin publications for inority students to learn the modern knowledge via comparisons of library collections in Mandarin and local minority languages among three universities in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region， and points out that bilingual education can be viewed as a channel for minority students to access employment opportunities and participate in modernization of China. At the end， this paper discusses several issues that should be carefully handled in bilingual education in China.