恆毅力、害怕失敗對不同數學成就學生自我效能的影響：以PISA 2022資料為例

The Influence of Grit and Fear of Failure on Self-Efficacy in Students With Different Levels of Mathematical Achievement: A Study Based on PISA 2022 Data

本研究基於PISA 2022年臺灣地區的數據，探討15歲學生的恆毅力、害怕失敗與自我效能三者之間的關係。樣本數量為5,857名學生，研究採用結構方程模型（ Structural Equation Modeling, SEM ） 進行數據分析， 並透過多群組分析法（Multi-group Analysis, MGA）比較不同數學成就水準學生的表現。研究使用PISA2022測驗學生問卷中的三個量表：恆毅力量表、害怕失敗量表與自我效能量表，分別評估學生的堅持力、對失敗的恐懼以及解決困難的信心。結果顯示，無論是高成就還是低成就學生，恆毅力對自我效能的影響均為顯著正向。這表示恆毅力的提升對所有學生都而言均有助其提高自我效能，增強他們的自信心。但害怕失敗會產生負向的中介效果，害怕失敗會負面影響學生的學習興趣和持久性。另外，高成就學生的恆毅力與害怕失敗之間顯著關聯，表示他們在追求目標時更容易感受到失敗的壓力。未來，學校可引入相關的課程或活動，幫助學生更好地應對失敗和壓力，以提升自我效能。

This study, based on PISA 2022 data from Taiwan, explored the relationships among grit, fear of failure, and self-efficacy in 15-year-old students. The sample consisted of 5,857 students. Structural Equation Modeling was employed for data analysis, and Partial Least Squares Multi-Group Analysis was used to compare the performance of students with different levels of mathematical achievement. Three scales were used in the study– the Perseverance Scale, the Fear of Failure Scale, and the Self- Efficacy Scale– to assess students’ persistence, fear of failure, and confidence in overcoming difficulties, respectively. The results indicated that for both high-achieving and low-achieving students, perseverance had a significantly positive effect on self-efficacy. This suggests that enhancing perseverance can help all students improve their self-efficacy and boost their confidence. However, fear of failure exerted a negative mediating effect, adversely impacting students’ interest in learning and persistence. Additionally, a significant relationship was observed between perseverance and fear of failure among high-achieving students, indicating that they are more likely to feel the pressure of failure in pursuit of their goals. In the future, schools could introduce relevant courses or activities to help students better cope with failure and stress, thereby enhancing self-efficacy.