日本學校統廢合與地方創生政策相關之研究

A Study on the Merger and Abolition of Schools in Japan and Local Revitalization Policy

本文透過文獻解析，完成兩個目的：一、探討日本中小學校統廢合與地方創生政策的經緯；二、探討日本學校統廢合與地方創生相關之連結。研究歸納出日本2014年12月在內閣會議決定「町（鄰里）、人（居民）、仕事（工作）與創生總和戰略」，提出著眼在地的基本方針，結合地方的資源與人才，創造出有地方活力的生活模式，營造出鄉市有特色，村里有活力的願景。其背景主要是日本近年「少子化」和「高齡化」的到來，隨之而來的是社會人口結構的改變，與高度的都市化促使鄉村生活崩壞。同時也因為出生率持續低下出生人口持續減少，為此2015年1月日本文部科學省發出有關公立小中學校統合相關的文件《公立小學校、中學校的適正規模、適正配置等有關手冊》，提及應該積極因應少子化，進行學校統廢合，並積極地進行學校活化與促進地方創生發展。透過學校統廢合與地方創生的實施策略，教育系統基本上跳脫義務教育學校系統的思維，著重於地方社區營造與活化地方，結合規劃特色教育的課程發展。跳脫學校教育課程劃一的瓶頸，著眼於地方創生發想提出有效人才留鄉的解決方法。

 

This essay aims to achieve two tasks, by conducting a literature review, 1. explore issues related to the merger and abolition of schools in Japan and local revitalization policy; 2. the connection between the merger and abolition of schools in Japan and local revitalization policy. The study concluded that in December 2014, the “Town, Inhabitant, Work and Total Revitalization Strategy” in the cabinet proposed the guidelines to basic policies regarding local affairs. Integrating local resources and talents, it aimed to create an energetic life model. Constructing local features of townships and cities, it revitalized villages and prefectures with energetic visions. The background was the approaching sub-replacement fertility and aging. It caused changes in the demographic structure of society and accelerated the collapse of village lifestyle due to the problem of high urbanization. At the same time, because of the low birth rate, the population kept decreasing. To cope with these issues, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan issued the documents related to mergers Handbook to the Optimal Sizing and Optimal Arrangement of Public Elementary School and Middle School in January 2015. It suggested to conduct merger and abolition of schools and implement a strategy of local revitalization. Basically speaking, the education system should be moved away from the idea of compulsory education system. It should emphasize on local community construction and local revitalization, with the planning of feature education in curriculum development. Departing from the bottleneck of curriculum in school education, it is suggested to focus on the thinking of local revitalization and solutions of holding talents in local communities.