美国中小学教师终身教职制度的改革动向

Trends of Tenure Reforms in Public Schools in America

美国教师终身教职制度历经近百年的发展，在一定程度上发挥了保障教师职业的作用，但又因不利于解聘不合格教师而备受责难。近年来，美国掀起了改革教师终身教职制度的热潮，形成了取消教师终身教职制度和完善教师终身教职制度两种改革动向，但后一种动向居于主导地位。为完善教师终身教职制度，研究者建议：要避免不合格教师取得终身教职资格；简化和完善教师解聘程序；为续聘教师提供多年合同；为无过错的低效能教师提供离职补偿。

In the history of nearly one hundred years， tenure system has been a safeguard for teachers with stability; meanwhile it is increasingly criticized as school hoards are unable to dismiss ineffective teachers. In recent years， many states have reformed the teacher tenure system by eliminating tenure and amending tenure， and the latter one is more popular in America. As for amend tenure， some suggestions are made， such as simplifying termination process， providing multi-year contracts for teachers and buying out ineffective teachers with severance pay.