國家的城鄉學習素養差距排名、分類、差異及國民所得對城鄉學習素養差距之影響

Ranking, Categorizing, and Differentiating Urban–Rural Learning Literacy Gaps and the Impact of National Income

本研究在瞭解77個國家的城鄉學習素養差距排名、分類與差異，以及臺灣和各國在城鄉學習素養差距的國際相對表現。本研究蒐集國民所得及PISA 2022的城鄉數學、科學與閱讀素養，透過分析研究發現：（一）77個國家城鄉學習素養差距最大的五個國家是塞爾維亞、馬來西亞、羅馬尼亞、巴拿馬、匈牙利；城鄉差距最小的五個國家為荷蘭、馬爾他、丹麥、美國及紐西蘭；臺灣排第八、法國排第七名較為特別。城鄉學習素養差距排前二十名的國家，除了法國及臺灣之外，其他國家為中低所得國家，而城鄉學習素養差距較小多為高度所得國家。（二）高、中與低度三類國家在城鄉學習素養差距有明顯差異，其中高度與中度城鄉學習素養差距國家明顯高於低度國家，高度城鄉學習素養差距國家明顯高於低度國家。（三）除了城鄉數學素養差距之外，77個國家國民所得提高，對於城鄉學習素養差距有減緩作用。（四）臺灣城鄉學習素養差距相當大，在考量國民所得之後，臺灣的城鄉數學、科學、閱讀及平均學習素養差距高出77個國家平均水準各有79.46分、59.93分、50.60分及63.33分。城鄉學習素養差距大的國家宜依發展需求，提出改善計畫，拉近城鄉學習素養差距。

This study aims to understand the ranking, classification and difference of the learning literacy gap between urban and rural students in 77 countries, as well as the international relative performance of the urban-rural learning literacy gap between Taiwan and other countries. This study collected national income and PISA 2022 urban and rural mathematics, science and reading literacy. After statistical analysis, the study found: 1. The five countries with the largest gap in urban and rural learning literacy among 77 countries were Serbia, Malaysia, Romania, Panama, and Hungary; The five countries with the smallest gaps were the Netherlands, Malta, Denmark, the United States and New Zealand; Taiwan ranked eighth and France ranked seventh, which was more special. With the exception of France and Taiwan, the top 20 countries with the highest urban-rural learning literacy gap were all middle- and low-income countries. The smaller urban-rural learning literacy gap was mostly high-income countries. 2. There were obvious differences in the learning literacy gap between urban and rural areas in the three types of countries. Countries with a high and moderate urban-rural learning literacy gap were significantly higher than those with a low level, and countries with a high urban-rural learning literacy gap are significantly higher than those with a low level. 3. In addition to the urban-rural mathematical literacy gap, national income in 77 countries had a mitigating effect on the urban-rural learning literacy gap. 4. The gap in learning literacy between urban and rural students in Taiwan was quite large. After accounting for national income, the gap in math, science, reading and average learning literacy between urban and