评桑代克的[效果律]与[效果扩散]

On the Law of Effect and the[Spread of Effect] Advanced By E.L.Thorndike

桑代克(E.L.Thorndike 1874--1949)于1911年提出了学习的三定律：效果律、练习律、准备律。他认为三定律中效果律是首要的。他说：[无热情的练习不会使事情变得完美，那种导致不快的练习无助于神经系统的增长。]因而他主张用效果律取代传统联想主义的频度律(FrequencyLaw)，作为学习的主律。

In the essay， the effect， the agents and the working ways of the effects， and their pratical functions are discussed. And the phenomenon ＂spread of effect＂ is distinctly interpreted. Lastly， Thomdike's mechanism and utilitarianism are criticized.