有關團體，Yalom他們說清楚了嗎？

About Groups, Had Yalom and Others Had a Clear and Integrated Illustration for Their Theories?

A very clear and complete nautical chart is very important for a navigator. Similarly, a clear and systematic theory is a very important guide for a counseling and therapy group leader to lead an unstructured group. Yet, when carefully and conscientiously looking into contemporary psychodynamic-oriented theories of group counseling and therapy, one may find some obscure and vague issues. The application of individual therapy theories into group therapy produces some issues in group theories themselves. At least three issues will be discussed in this article. First, there are three dimensions in a group process. In general, if the postulate of the group as a whole was not used, these group theories only discussed two dimensions (i.e., individual and interpersonal level), and a theoretical elaboration of the dimensions of the group as a whole was vague or ignored. It is vital to provide a clear theoretical explanation of the dimension of the group as a whole. Second, Tuckman's(1965) model of the stages of group development is applied to most psychodynamic-oriented theories of group counseling and therapy. However, Tuckman's model was based on his research. It can only tell us about the traits of each group stage but not about how the group process was developed. Thus, there is a need for a rationale of the development of a group process in order to determine the leading tasks and strategies for each stage in the group process. Third, by following Freud’s three basic pillars (i.e., neutrality, abstinence and anonymity) to lead a group, the leader has to believe that the client /member searched for a bad object, and the corrective emotional experience based on the principle of bad object reenactment was used. However, it is possible that not every member will search for a bad object in the group and that the transference can’t be manipulated by the leader either. Although Bion(1961) and Yalom(1985, 1995, 2005) claimed that some directions and structures are necessary in the very beginning phase of leading a group, they did not give any theorietical explanation, but research evidence from comparing different leading styles. In summary, the three issues mentioned above are explored and further discussed. Wish modification of these three issues will be benefited from some thoughts in this article in the future.