美國專業教育發展的社會與文化基礎

Social and Cultural Bases for the Rise of University Professional Education in the US

19世紀中后期，以專業學院為組織模式的專業教育在美國大學興起，不僅推動了當時美國社會的長足發展，更成為后來全世界大學專業教育的典范。專業教育的興起是美國社會發展所要求的。工業時代對專業人才的需求，“鍍金時代”的社會問題，專業協會的發展及其與政府、市場間的制衡構成了美國專業教育發展的社會機制。而以高水平專業訓練與“服務導向”道德律為核心的專業主義思想則是專業教育發展的精神和理論支柱。這兩個基礎也決定了美國專業教育后來發展的進程，而一旦這兩個基礎發生動搖，美國專業教育必然就會產生問題和危機。他國若要借鑒美國經驗，須對此有認識和權衡。

University professional education developed in the US during mid-and late-nineteenth century，with professional schools as its organizational base.It not only fostered great leap of the coun-try then，but also served as a model for universities around the globe later.The rise of university pro-fessional education was a response to the needs of its time.The industries’calling for professional tal-ents，the social sicknesses of the “Gilded Age”，and the development of professional associations as well as the check and balance among the associations，governments，and the market all constituted the social base on which university professional education thrived.In the meanwhile，the ideology of pro-fessionalism that focused on high-standard professional training and the“service-oriented”morality pro-vided cultural and theoretical support.These two bases decisively influenced later developments of uni-versity professional education in the US，which，once damaged，inevitably generated crises.