集中與分散：戰后美國聯邦大學科研經費分配問題的思考

Concentration and Dispersion:Distribution of US Federal Funds for Academic Research after the Second World War

美國聯邦政府在戰后主要采用以業績為基礎的同行評議制度，通過競爭分配大學科研經費。這一制度導致美國聯邦大學科研經費高度集中于少數有聲望的大學，并由此引發擴大聯邦科研經費分布的要求和相應行動。聯邦大學科研經費分配的集中與分散不僅成為戰后美國高等教育的基本特點，而且還產生了難以解決的相互對立。

The U.S.federal government distributed academic research funds with a merit-based peer review system and emphasized competition after the Second World War.The system led to undue con-centration of federal research funding in a small number of prestigious universities，and thus triggered the need to expand federal funding on the basis of equality.The concentration and dispersion in the dis-tribution of federal academic research funding not only became the basic feature of American higher edu-cation after the war，but have also brought about mutually contradictory effects.