高校学术职业分层制度的变迁逻辑

The Vicissitudes Logic of Stratification System of Higher Education Academic Profession

社会分工促进了学术职业的兴起与分层制度的形成。欧洲中世纪后期,教授职业成为了一种新的社会制度化职业,而助教职业的出现,是首次大学学术职业内部分层,体现出教授自主分层的特征。后来,依次产生了讲师、助理教授、副教授等职业,并形成了制度化的分层结构,体现出诱致性制度变迁特点。在中国,高校学术职业形成了教授、副教授、讲师、助教四级分层制度,在分层制度变迁过程中,大体经历了四级分层、单一分层、恢复四层分层、四层十三级分层等阶段,体现出自上而下的强制性制度变迁特点。现阶段我国高校学术职业分层制度具有政府主导和高校自主相结合、以效率为中心、以岗位为核心的变迁特征。

Division of labor in society promoted the spring up of academic profession and the formation of stratification system. In the later times of Middle Ages in Europe, the occupation of professor became a new social systematic occupation. The emergence of the occupation of teaching assistant was the first inner stratification in colleges and universities, which reflected the feature of automatic stratification of professor. Afterwards, this in turn emerged occupations such as lecturer, assistant professor, associate professor etc., and formed a systematic stratification structure, which indicated the characteristic of induced institutional change. In China, academic profession of colleges and universities formed a four-level stratification system: professor, associate professor, lecturer, and teaching assistant. During the change of stratification system, it generally experienced four main stages: four-level stratification, single-level stratification, four-level stratification, four-level and thirteen grades, which indicated the feature of compulsory systematic change from top to bottom. At present, the stratification system of academic profession of colleges and universities in China has the features as follows: the combination of governmental guiding and universities' self-leading, efficiency-centered and position-centered.