院校拨款、学生资助与学费——20世纪60、70年代美国高等教育财政大辩论探析

Institutional Aid, Student Aid and Tuition: A Study for the Debate in Financing American Higher Education during Late 1960s to Early 1970s

20世纪60年代末70年代初,由高等教育扩张带来的教育成本增加的资助问题和公私立院校之间的竞争问题,引发了美国社会各界关于高等教育财政问题的一场大辩论。这场辩论围绕学费问题和政府的资助方式展开,以效率和公平为尺,以高等教育的成本和收益分配为论争基石,形成了激进改革派、温和改革派和维护低学费传统派三方主张。辩论过程中提出的一些新的资助理念,不仅挑战了当时的高等教育财政模式,而且在20世纪80年代以来逐渐彰显,发展为一种趋势。

The problem of cost increase and competition between public and private institutions due to higher education expansion induced a large debate in financing American higher education during late 1960s to early 1970s.This debate was around tuition policy and state aid method. From the perspectives of equity and efficiency, and cost and benefit of higher education, three different claims were formed: one advocating radical reform, one advocating gradual change and one supporting maintaining low tuition principle. These new ideas in financial aid not only challenged the higher education financing system, but also became the mainstream since 1980s.