探討兒童青少年拒學問題:生態系統觀的原因、介入與案例

The Exploration of Youth School Refusal Problem: Causes, Intervention, and Case Study from Ecological Perspective

兒童青少年拒學問題一直以來都是複雜和難解的課題。研究者基於生態系統觀點探討拒學原因與介入方法，並認為若能分別主要與次要影響因素，先針對主要影響因素進行介入，將更能在有限的時間和資源內改善出席率，故提出三個層次的原因與介入模式。此模式中不同層次差別在主要影響因素的數量不同，層次一包含兩個因素的相互影響，如：個人與家庭。層次二包含三個因素的相互影響，如：個人、家庭與學校。層次三包含四個因素的相互影響。原因部分，個人因素包含身體狀況、心理狀況和特質；家庭因素包含五點，即家長特質與身心健康、家庭功能與動力、家庭期待與參與度...等；學校因素包含六點，即轉換學校、學校氛圍、管教與出席...等；社會因素包含五點，即經濟拉力、文化價值觀、政策或法規...等。介入部分，個人因素包含醫療介入、提升行為技巧、增進認知技巧、提供專業資源；家庭因素包含五點，即進行意外或風險管理訓練、提供諮詢或家訪、提供認知訓練...等；學校因素包含七點，即辨識和轉介高風險學生、推動反霸凌政策、鼓勵學習社群與生涯活動...等；社會因素包含社區資源、警政與司法、社會機構與媒體、教育、諮商與醫療。最後提出中年級拒學案例說明如何改善拒學。

Problematic school refusal in youth has long been a complex and vexatious issue. This article reviews the literature that affect school refusal based on ecological perspective. It is believed that if we can differentiate between primary and secondary influencing factors and first intervene with the primary influencing factors, we can better improve school attendance within limited time and resources. Furthermore, a three-level model that emphasizes on comprehensive causes and user-friendly systematic intervention recommendations is proposed. Level one includes the interaction of two factors, such as the individual and the family. Level two includes the interaction of three factors, namely the individual, family, and school. Level three includes the interaction of four factors. Among the causes, personal factors can be addressed through physical condition, mental condition and trait. Family factors include five points, such as parents’ trait, mental and physical health, family function and family dynamic, family expectations and involvement... etc... School factors include six points, namely transferring schools, school atmosphere, discipline and attendance policies...etc.. Social factors include five points, such as economic pressures, cultural values, policies or regulations...etc.. Regarding interventions, personal factors can be addressed through medical treatment, enhancing behavioral skills, increasing cognitive skills, and providing professional resources. Family factors include five points, namely conducting accident or risk training, consultation and home visits, providing cognitive training...etc.. School factors include seven points, such as identifying and referring high-risk students, promoting an anti-bullying policy, encouraging learning groups and career activities...etc... Social factors include community resources, policing and Justice, social organizations and media, education, counseling and medical services. In the end, there is a case example of a fourth-grade child, explains how to address school refusal.