詞集形塑與詞人用心：彊村詞的三次結集

Shaping of Ci Collections and Poet’s Purpose: The Three Qiangcun Ci Collections

清末四大詞人之一的朱祖謀，其詞集主要經歷了三個階段的編纂，從《彊村詞》（《別集》、《前集》、《正集》）、《彊村樂府》到《彊村語業》，時間上從彊村學詞後數年到下世之前，約橫跨了二十餘年。在每個階段都有不同因素影響詞集的形塑，各部詞集的題名、體例、背景與收錄內容互有異同。本研究透過對這三部詞集編纂方面的爬梳探討，得到幾個觀察：首先，《彊村詞》起始的《正集》概念及其範圍，貫徹了三部詞集，《正集》決定彊村詞中的精華作品為那個時間段，呈現彊村對自我詞作的評價高低。其次，《彊村樂府》的價值與重要性值得再注意，此詞集作為《彊村語業》的編纂基礎，僅增補而不刪減，意謂《彊村語業》的主要作品在《彊村樂府》階段時已經完成挑選。再次，《彊村樂府》透過刪減小令的數量，營造詞人長調作家的形象，並有意追隨清末四大詞人之首王鵬運的詞學觀念，以傳承「鶩音」為宗旨，此二特點也被《彊村語業》繼承並持續發展。最後，廣為引用的《彊村語業》則不僅是前兩部詞集的薈萃，也是彊村晚年心境與體悟的展現，帶有個人暮年之色彩。整體來說，彊村詞的三次集結，其編纂上的主要理念或輕或重均受到王鵬運的影響，從某種程度言，彊村詞集不僅是他對王鵬運詞學觀念的應和，也是對兩人亦師亦友情誼的追念。

Three principle collections exist of the ci poetry of Zhu Zumou, a great poet of the late Qing dynasty: Qiangcun Ci (containing the Miscellaneous Collection, First Collection, and Main Collection), Qiangcun Yuefu, and Qiangcun Yu Ye. The timeline of their production extends from the completion of Qiangcun Ci to the start of following century, lasting more than 20 years. Different factors influenced the shaping of each Qiangcun Ci collection. The names, formats, backgrounds, and contents of each collection vary. This article explores the three collections in depth and provides the following observations: First, the concept and scope of Qiangcun Ci are the basis for its three subcollections. The Main Collection presents the author’s self-evaluation of his best Qiangcun Ci works. Second, the value and importance of Qiangcun Yuefu should be re-evaluated. Qiangcun Yuefu is the foundation of Qiangcun Yu Ye. Qiangcun Yu Ye both added to Qiangcun Yuefu and removed material, suggesting that the central Ci in Qiangcun Yu Ye were selected after the completion of Qiangcun Yuefu. With its few poems, Qiangcun Yuefu exhibits the style of a changdiao poet, intending to follow and pass down the four great poets of the late Qing dynasty Wang Pengyun’s ci theory (wu yin). This feature was inherited by and developed in Qiangcun Yu Ye. Last, the most cited collection, Qiangcun Yu Ye, not only contains the essence of the earlier two collections but also is the manifestation of Zhu Zumou’s mentality and spiritual thought in his later life. The central ideas of the three Qiangcun Ci collections were influenced by Wang Pengyun. In some manners, the collections echo Wang Pengyun’s poetic ideals and demonstrate the special mentorship and friendship between the two poets.