高等教育在學率、研發經費和國民所得之探究：國家競爭力的中介效果

Analysis of Higher Education Rate, Research and Development Funds, and Per Capita Income: National Competitiveness as the Mediator

本研究從世界銀行與世界經濟論壇蒐集2019年110個國家的資料，探討國家競爭力在高等教育在學率、研究與發展經費占國內生產毛額比率和國民所得之關係。獲得結論如下：高等教育在學率、研究與發展經費占國內生產毛額比率和國家競爭力有顯著正向關聯；國家競爭力和國民所得有顯著提升關聯；高等教育在學率、研究與發展經費占國內生產毛額比率和國民所得有顯著正向關聯；高等教育在學率、研究與發展經費占國內生產毛額比率可提高國家競爭力，再間接提升國民所得，國家競爭力具有完全中介效果。在兩個投入變項下，臺灣的國家競爭力低於全球平均水準3.36分，國民所得較全球平均水準少了17,830.78美元。本研究貢獻在於各國宜考量高等教育和研究發展經費支出水準，來提高國家競爭力與國民所得，尤其臺灣要提高國民所得更應努力提出對策。最後，針對結論深入討論，提出建議。

This study collected data from 110 countries in 2019 from the World Bank and the World Economic Forum, and explored the relationship between the country’s competitiveness in higher education rate, the ratio of research and development to gross domestic product, and per capita income. The conclusions were as follows: Higher education rate and the ratio of research and development to gross domestic production had a significant correlation with national competitiveness; at the same time, national competitiveness also had a significant correlation with per capita income, and higher education rate, the ratio of research and development to gross domestic production also significantly correlated with per capita income. Higher education rate and the ratio of research and development to gross domestic production increased national competitiveness, and then indirectly increase per capita income, that is, national competitiveness had a completely mediated effect. Under these two input variables of 110 countries, Taiwan’s national competitiveness was 3.36 points lower than the global average level, and its per capita income was US$17,830.78 less than the global average level. The contribution of this research was that countries should reconsider higher education and research and development funding level to improve national competitiveness and per capita income. Taiwan should put forward countermeasures to increase per capita income. In-depth discussion of conclusions and suggestions were made.