日本教育政策與智庫功能相互作用之探討

Study on the Interaction Between Japanese Education Policy and Think Tank Function

本研究擬透過文獻探討，主要聚焦於從日本中央和地方教育體系兩個部分加以論述，以探討日本教育領域教育智庫對教育政策相互作用之釐清。所謂的中央教育體系，主要是主管全國教育最高教育機構的文部科學省，以及其直屬的機構，如科學技術、學術政策研究所、國立教育政策研究所；或是有關的附屬機構，如NIRA總合研究開發機構；在地方則是教育委員會，以及每個縣市附屬的地方公共團體和其教育研究所、教育中心。研究結論如下：日本無論在各個領域，都有非常多提供問題解決方案的組織或機構，發揮類似「智庫」的功能，以各種類別或型態呈現。中央教育體系主要是透過直屬的各種委員會和附屬研究機構，進行先行研究和政策分析，並提出具體的實施建言。地方則是依據中央的政策，透過相關研習和教育中心，進行可行方案的擬定、開發及試行，進而提出可行方案，達到政策目標。也就是說，透過中央直屬或附屬的智庫，將可行的政策建言，提供給中央的教育主管機構實施。地方的教育委員會則透過其所屬的研習和教育中心，提出具體可行方案，減少不必要之錯誤決策。

This study is to clarify the interaction between Japan’s educational policy and think tanks through literature review. It will be discussed by focusing on two parts: central and local education system. The central education system mainly refers of national educational institutions in Japan. That is, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and its directly affiliated organizations such as National Institute of science and Technology Policy, National Institute for Educational Policy Research, or its subordinate organizations such as the National Institute for Research Advancement. The local refers to boards of education, as well as local public entities and institutes of education/education centers subordinated to counties and cities. The result of this study is: In every domain, there are quite many organizations or institutions in different categories and in different forms, providing solutions in Japan, functioning similarly as “think tanks”. In central education system, the policy is first researched and mainly analyzed, with concrete advises regarding policies then submitted by every sort of affiliated committees and subordinated research institutions. In local education system, the policy is based on that taken by central government, with feasible solutions submitted only after relevant study and education centers draft, develop and run trial operations, thereby achieving policy goals. While the competent central education organizations implement feasible policies via think tanks, the local boards of education, on the other hand, submit the concrete feasible solutions via subordinated study and education centers to avoid unnecessary wrong decisions. The subjective units and think tanks cooperate as a team and support each other to prevent redundant explorations and trials to get twice the result with half the effort.