晚清美部會福州府教會學校系統的建立與美國教育的借入

The Formation of Mission School System of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions at Foochow Prefecture and Borrowing of American Education in Late Ch’ing

中國自晚清受列強入侵到1904年正式實施西式教育制度前，其教育制度先後模仿日本、德國，至1922年始改習美國體制，沿用至今。關於美式學制對中國的影響，一般常以為是1909年美國退還庚子賠款安排清華學堂學生留美開始，至1922年頒布新學制而達高峰，但實際上美式教育在《南京條約》開港通商後，即隨美國教會學校的設立進入中國。其中，美國公理會海外傳教部總會（簡稱「美部會」）是第一個進入中國傳教的美國差會，本研究即以美部會在華傳教起點之一的福州，探討1848～1911年間，該會在福州府設校興教的類型和內容，以釐清美式教育如何成為影響晚清中國教育西化的因素之一。本研究屬歷史研究，使用美部會年報、期刊、名冊、書籍等一手史料。研究發現，美部會福州差會1848年至南臺保福山設首傳教站，隔年設第一所男子日校，為美部會在福建創辦的第一所近代學堂，後於1853年首創男子寄宿學校，1854年設第一所女子寄宿學校，學校數量日增、範圍日廣。1895年差會將福州城內助手訓練寄宿學校改為榕城格致書院，1898年升格為福州學院，學生眾多，影響日廣。此高等教育機構的出現使福州府正式形成日校、寄宿（預備）學校及學院的三級教會學校系統，為當地官方學校推行學制西化時的借鑑。

This aim of the article is to explore the types and contents of American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) Foochow Mission schools during 1848-1911 and illustrate how American education became an influential factor in the Westernization of Chinese education in late Ch’ing dynasty. It is found that the Foochow Mission established its first mission station at Ponasang, Foochow in 1848, and the first boy’s day school, the first modern school established by an American mission in Fujian, was set in the following year. After that, the first boarding school for boys was established in 1853, and the first one for girls in 1854. Since then, the number of schools has increased and the scope has expanded. In 1895, the Foochow Training Boarding School for Helpers was changed into Banyan City Scientific Institution, which was upgraded to Foochow College in 1898. With the emergence of higher education institution, the three-level missionary school system including day schools, boarding schools and college was formed in Foochow, with a large number of students and a great influence. When the Ch’ing government enacted the western school system act in 1904, Foochow College even became a model for Fujian province government.