样例学习研究及其课改意蕴

Research on Learning from Worked Examples and Its Implications for Curriculum Reform

样例学习是学习者从例示了一般概念、原理、程序的例子中习得解决问题方法的一种学习方式。和单纯的问题解决学习方式相比，样例学习不仅费时少、迁移效果好，还可减轻学生学习时的认知负荷。早期的样例学习研究集中于数学、物理等学科的单内容样例的学习，最近的研究开始涉及没有明确解题步骤的双内容样例的学习。样例学习的重要机制是学习者对样例的自我解释活动，要促进学生的自我解释活动，可通过改变样例的呈现方式，为学习者提供自我解释的提示等方法，还要注意利用教学解释对自我解释的积极作用，防止其消极作用。样例学习的研究对于我们深入认识学习方式转变、策略教学、学与教的关系等问题很有启发。

Learning from worked-out examples is a kind of learning mode by which learners learn methods of problem solving from examples that exemplify general concepts, principles and procedures. Compared to problem solving, learning from worked-out examples not only takes less time and has positive transfer effect, but also demands less cognitive load on the learner. Initial researches on worked-out examples center on single-content examples in mathematics and physics, recent researches involve double-content example which have no discrete problem solving steps. The important mechanism of learning from worked-out examples is learners' self-explaining activities for the example. In order to promote learners' self-explaining activities, teachers should redesign the worked-out examples, provide promotes for self-explaining, take advantage of instructional explanations and prevent its negative effects. The researches on learning from worked-out examples have some implications for changing learning modes, teaching strategies and understanding the relation between learning and instruction.